Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, or spiritus, is a simple alcohol widely used across various industries. It plays a crucial role in the production of formaldehyde, biodiesel, and other chemicals, while also being a potential energy source. Despite its numerous applications, methanol requires careful handling due to its toxicity. In this article, we’ll explore methanol’s properties, production processes, uses, and safety considerations.
What is Methanol?
Methanol, with the chemical formula CH3OH, is the simplest alcohol. It is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid with a slight alcoholic odor. Historically referred to as “wood alcohol,” methanol was initially produced as a byproduct of wood distillation. Today, it is synthesized industrially via natural gas or other hydrocarbon feedstocks.
Properties of Methanol
Methanol has unique characteristics that make it valuable in various applications. Key properties include:
- Boiling Point: 64.7°C (148.5°F)
- Solubility: Completely miscible with water and most organic solvents
- Toxicity: Highly toxic; ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption can lead to severe health issues
- Energy Content: Used as a fuel due to its high energy density

Methanol
Also read: Acetone: Properties, Uses, and Safety Guidelines
How is Methanol Produced?
Modern methanol production primarily involves the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) derived from natural gas. Key steps include:
- Reforming natural gas to produce synthesis gas.
- Converting synthesis gas into methanol using catalysts at high temperature and pressure.
- Purifying the methanol to remove impurities for industrial or commercial use.
What is Methanol Used For?
Methanol’s versatility makes it indispensable in multiple sectors. Its primary uses include:
- Chemical Feedstock: Used in the production of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other chemicals.
- Energy Source: Blended into gasoline as a fuel or used in biodiesel production.
- Solvent: Applied in industrial processes and laboratory settings.
- Antifreeze: Found in automotive antifreeze and windshield washer fluids.
Safety Guidelines for Methanol Handling
Due to its toxicity, methanol requires careful handling. Exposure to methanol can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and in severe cases, blindness or death. Safety measures include:
- Wearing protective gloves and eyewear.
- Ensuring proper ventilation in workspaces.
- Storing methanol in tightly sealed containers away from heat or open flames.
Difference Between Methanol and Ethanol
Methanol and ethanol are both types of alcohol, but they differ significantly in structure, properties, and uses. Methanol (CH3OH) is simpler and more toxic than ethanol (C2H5OH), which is commonly consumed in beverages. Methanol is primarily used industrially, whereas ethanol finds applications in food, medicine, and fuel.